Legs, Arms, Feet, and Hands

Down below are some notes over the parts of legs and arms to help you learn about those parts. There are also pictures to help give you a visual. I took these notes as I learned and studied the parts of arms, legs, hands, and feet for a labeling test. Enjoy!

• Humerus Anterior View
• Left side

• Greater tubercle
• intertubercular
• shaft
• radial fossa
• lateral epicondyle
• capitulum
• Right side
• lesser tubercle
• head
• anatomical neck
• surgical neck
• deltoid tuberosity
• coronoid fossa
• medial epicondyle
• trochlea
• Right Radius Anterior View

• head of radius
• neck of radius
• radial tuberosity
• ulnar notch of radius
• styloid process of radius

• Right Ulna Anterior View

• trochlear notch
• radial notch of ulna
• ulna
• distal radial joint
• head of ulna

• Bones of the Right Hand Dorsal Aspect

• phalanges
• distal
• middle
• proximal
• metacarpals
• carpals
• capitate
• trapezoid
• trapezium
• scaphoid
• hamate
• triquetral
• lunate
• Femur Anterior View

• neck
• greater trochanter
• patellar surface
• lateral epicondyle
• lateral condyle
• head
• intertrochanteric line
• lesser trachanter
• adductor tubercle
• medial epicondyle
• medial condyle

• Fibula Anterior View

• head of fibula
• fibular notch
• lateral malleolus

• Tibia Anterior View

• medial condyle
• tibial tuberosity
• medial malleolus

• Bones of the Right Ankle and Foot

• phalanges
• distal phalanx of hallux
• proximal phalanx of hallux
• metatarsal bones
• head and 2 sesamoid bones
• body base
• tarsals
• medial cuneiform 
• intermediate cuneiform
• lateral cuneiform
• navicular
• talus
• cuboid
• sustentaculum tali
• calcaneus
• tuber calcanei 

Bones Growth and Broken Bones

Listed below are a couple notes that I felt were important when it came to bones. Also I listed notes on the fractures of bones and their healing process. Enjoy!


Bone Types/classification:

• axial skeleton
• appendicular skeleton
• long bones (longer than they are wide)
• short bones (cubed shaped bones/ form within tendons)
• flat bones (flattened, mainly in the skull)
• irregular bones (have complicated shapes

Chemical Composition of Bone:

• osteoblasts- bone forming cells
• osteocytes- mature bone cells
• osteoclasts- large cells that break down or resorb bone matrix
• osteoid- unminerlized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagen

Bone Development:

• osteogenesis and ossification- the process of bone tissue formation which leads to:
• the formation of bony skeleton in the embryo
• bone growth until early adulthood
• bone thickness, remodeling, and repair

Functional Zones:

• growth zone- where the cartilage cells undergo mitosis
• transformation zone:
1. older cells enlarge 
2. matrix becomes classified
3. cartilage cells die
4. matrix begin to deteriorate
• osteogenic zone- new bone formation occurs
• Cartilage grows and then bone replaces it 

bone is resorbed and added by appositional growth as shown

Appositional Growth of Bone:

Bone Remodeling: 

• Remodeling units- adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts deposit and resorb bone at periosteal and endosteal surfaces

Control of Remodeling: 

• Two control loops regulate bone remodeling
• hormonal mechanism maintains calcium homeostasis in the blood
• mechanical and gravitational forces acting on the skeleton

Broken Bones

• classified
• the position of the bone ends after the fracture
• the completeness of the break
• the orientation of the bone to the long axis
• wether or not the bones ends penetrate the skin
• nondisplaced:
• bone ends retain their normal position 
  
• Displaced:
• bone ends are out of normal alignment      
  
       
• Complete:
• bone is broken all the way through 
  
• Incomplete:
• bone is not broken all the way through    
  
• Linear:
• the fracture is parallel to the long axis of the bone  
  
• Common types of fractures:
• comminuted
• spiral
• depressed
• compression
• epiphyseal
• greenstick
• Stages in Healing Fractures/Breaks:
• Hematoma formation:
1. torn blood vessels hemorrhage
2. a mass of clotted blood forms at the fracture site
3. site becomes swollen, painful, and inflamed
• Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
• granulation tissue forms a few days after the fracture
• capillaries grow into tissue and phagocytic cells begin cleaning debris
• bony callus formation 
• bone remodeling